When to Activate Emergency Response System
If possible, send someone to activate the Emergency Response System (call 112) and begin CPR
immediately. Use an AED if it is available at the scene. If you’re not with someone and you do
not have a mobile phone, leave the patient to activate the Emergency Response System while
also retrieving an AED.
Adult and Adolescent CPR
Scene Safety and Recognition of Cardiac Arrest: Check for safety (for rescuers and victims) and
responsiveness, breathing, and gasping. Check the pulse for more than 5 seconds but within 10
seconds (breathing and pulse check can occur simultaneously).
Check Pulse: Check the pulse by placing two fingers on the carotid artery. Press your index and
middle finger on the side of the neck, against the windpipe. When you feel the pulse count the
number of beats in 10 seconds multiply this number by 6 to get you heart rate per minute.
C is for Chest compressions – Adult and Adolescent Compressions
Chest compressions: Chest compressions pump the blood in the heart to the rest of the body .
It's important to place your hands correctly upon the patient’s chest.
Compression-ventilation ratio without Advanced Airway
Make sure the adult or adolescent is resting upon a firm, solid surface such as floor, because a
firm surface allows compressions of the chest and heart to create blood flow. Perform chest
compressions on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum). Once in position, lock your elbows
and use your body’s weight to compress at least 2 inches (5 cm) upon the patient’s chest. Do
not lean on the patient’s chest in between compressions and make sure the chest ultimately
recoils. Limit all interruptions to less than 10 seconds while performing CPR.
It’s important to note: When performing chest compressions on an adult or adolescent you
should compress at least 2 inches (5 cm). The compression rate is 100-120/min. Two Rescuers:
Perform tasks simultaneously. Administer compressions over breathing 30:2.
Chest Compression Fraction is the total percentage of resuscitation time when performed by
the rescuer(s) during cardiac arrest. Try to minimize pauses in chest compressions.
Chest Compression Fraction Goal: Target of at least 60 percent.
Compression-ventilation ratio with Advanced Airway
Perform continuous compressions at a rate of 100-120/min. Provide one breath every 6 seconds
(10 breaths/min).
A is for Airway - Clear the airway
Airway: Make sure the patient is on a solid surface on their back. Kneel next to the patient’s
neck and shoulders. Open the patient’s airway by tilting the head back with the palm of one
hand while gently lifting the chin with your other hand. For no more than 10 seconds, check for
life: listen for any sounds and put your cheek next to the patient’s mouth to feel any breaths
while also looking for any motion. Rescuers can check steps simultaneously. If the patient is
assumed lifeless, begin mouth-to-mouth.
B is for Breathing - Mouth-to-Mouth
Rescue Breathing: Is widely known to be performed mouth-to-mouth. It can also be performed
mouth-to-nose, but this form is only used in rare cases. While still performing the airway
technique, pinch the patient’s nose shut. With a complete seal over the patient’s mouth with
your mouth, breathe until you see the chest inflate. If the chest does not rise, repeat the airway
technique. Once the chest swells, breathe into the patient a second time (30:2).
Once the breathing technique is applied, continue Compressions, Airway, Breathing (C-A-B’s).
Rescuers Should Never
â—Compress slower than 100/min or faster than 120/min
â—Compress in-depth less than 2 inches (5 cm) or more than 2.4 (6 cm)
â—Lean on victim’s chest during compressions
â—Allow interruption during compressions for more than 10 seconds
â—Provide excessive ventilation during breathing task (i.e., excessive breathing with force or too many breaths)